3^rd International conference on Neuroscience, Neuroradiology & Imaging October 03-04, 2018 Osaka, Japan

Neuroradiology plays an Integral role in the Diagnosis and characterization of various Neurological disorders. It involves different types of Imaging Studies including Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Plain Radiography and Ultrasound are used in limited basis in particular in Pediatric Population.

Neuroimaging is the mapping of human brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Neuroimaging determines the association between Environmental factors and health influence on Brain ageing throughout the adult lifespan. It determines how difference and change in Cerebral structure, complexly relates to Behavior and Cognition at Multiple levels of Analysis

It brings together various topics of interests such as Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuropsychology and Computational Modeling.

Radiation Technology is the backbone of brain mapping which use imaging to perform Diagnostic Imaging examinations and to treat the Ailments by including Radiation Therapy. It is used to educate in Anatomy, Patient Positioning, Examination Techniques, Equipment Protocols, Radiation Safety, Radiation Protection and Basic Patient Care.

Hybrid imaging refers to the Fusion of two (or more) Imaging Modalities to form a new technique. By combining the innate advantages of the Fused Imaging Technologies synergistically, usually a new and more powerful modality comes into being.

   • Magneto Encephalography (MEG),

   • Electrocardiography (ECG),

   • Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT).

   • Real time Virtual Sonography.

Neuroradiology has an important role to play in Diagnosis and Treatment of Several Neurological disorders like Ischemic Stroke and the Structural lesions causing Cerebral Hemorrhage. The recent advances are emerging more rapidly in the research fields of Neuroradiology includes the development of MR Tractography of the Brain and Spinal cord and functional MR imaging (fMRI)

The ongoing trend in Neuroradiology, using the Standard 3 Tesla high field MR systems gives the images of the Brain and Spinal cord which have significantly improved Signal to Noise ratio. The images produced by Three Tesla MR systems have significantly better Contrast Resolution when compared to 1.5 Tesla high fields MR systems. The trend also moved to higher field 7 Tesla systems giving safety concerns over the higher Specific Absorption Ratio (SAR) and higher and Faster Changing Gradient Strengths.

There is a noticeable transformation in Neuroscience Research due to the rapid advancement of Neuroimaging methodology and availability. The areas of development include functional MRI (fMRI), Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Electroencephalography (EEG), Magneto Encephalography (MEG), Optical Imaging, and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). It also includes the important regions like Machine learning, Computational models and Multi-modal imaging.

Radiation Toxicity is caused due to Software Malfunction in Radiotherapy machine or from excessive exposure to Ionizing Radiation. It causes Acute Radiation Sickness and Radiation dermatitis. It can be prevented by using the right test and the right dose of Radiation to achieve the desired Diagnostic objective.

Some Preventive Trials include

• Washing Practice
• Topical Corticosteroid Agents
• Nonsteroidal Topical Creams
• Avoiding unnecessary exposure to radiation.
• Persons working in Radiation Hazard areas should wear badges to measure their exposure level.
• Protective shields should always be placed over the parts of the body not being treated or studied during x-ray imaging tests or Radiation Therapy.

Biomedical Imaging Informatics is the subspecialty of Biomedical Informatics. It involves the use of Digital Technology to capture Medical images known as Imaging Informatics. Imaging Informatics also sometimes referred to as Radiology Informatics or Medical Imaging Informatics.

Clinical research has focused on Autoimmune Disease (AID) for a couple of Decades. More sensitive and specific methods have been developed for treating Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neuroimmunological Research. Gamma fraction bands (bands separated by Electrophoresis and visualized by Amino Black Staining) and IgG Fraction bands (Bands separated by Iso-Electric focusing and visualized by Immunostaining) are used instead of Oligoclonal Bands.

To understand the causes of mental health conditions and functioning of the brain in Neurological disorders like Cerebral Ischemia, Epilepsy, Traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Multiple sclerosis, Acute CNS inflammation, Animal models are used. The example of Animals used are Baboon (Papio papio), Mouse (DBA/2J), Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats (GEPRs), Rabbits, and the Fayoumi Chicken, Rat. Improved imaging techniques allow the gross structure and function of the Brain to be assessed in-vivo, the Organ cannot be Biopsied for detailed analysis; samples of Brain Tissue that can be obtained are often affected by Post Mortem perseveration processes and/or by factors including Drug Treatment, Trauma, Infectious Disease or Seizures. These combined challenges explain why effective new drugs for treating Psychiatric Disorders have not been forthcoming, and why we continue to rely on Medications which often have limited efficacy or undesirable side-effects.

Animal models for Alzheimer’s disease it is important to think about the human Phenotype and what Is being modeled in terms of the Animal Phenotype. Even though the Anatomy in the Mouse is different than the Human, Mutant Tau Mice are relatively good models in that they recapitulate Tau-dependent Neurodegeneration. Although these are incomplete Models of the Human Disease, they have been well received in the field as potentially Relevant Models for use in drug discovery.

The models include

   • Transgenic models.

   • Pharmacological and Lesion models.

   • Natural and Semi natural models.

   • Primate models.

   • Zebra fish models.

   • Animal models of Human Cognitive Aging.

A Biomarker is used in Brain Imaging Techniques in order to image the Morphology (e.g., MRI), the Function (e.g. fMRI), the Microenvironment (e.g., perfusion MRI), the Metabolism (e.g., PET-FDG), or the Molecular content (e.g., MR Spectroscopy) of the Brain and its Lesions. These Biomarkers are used along with the other markers such as blood-based, CSF-based, Genetic, and Electrophysiological Biomarkers.

Cognitive Neuroscience is the scientific branch of Neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the Neural Mechanisms of various Biological processes and aspects that underlie Cognition, with a specific focus on the Neural Connections in the Brain.  It studies how Cognitive activities are controlled by Neural Circuits in the Brain. Cognitive Neuroscience relies upon theories in Cognitive Science coupled with Evidence from Neuropsychology, and Computational modeling. Brain Mapping is a set of Neuroscience techniques, its purpose and goal is to understand the relationship between Structure and Function in the Human Brain.

The use of Neuroimaging technology to Diagnose the aspects of Brain functions by understanding the changes in Structure and Functioning of certain Brain areas and Specific Mental Functions.

The Imaging methods include Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Multichannel Electroencephalography (EEG) or Magneto Encephalography (MEG), and Near Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging (NIRSI), Trans Cranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Related Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques (DWI), Including Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI).

Neurological conditions have serious consequences, not only for the Patient but also for the Family members. It is important that the nursing care should be provides to these, the advancement of education for Health care Personnel who care for Neurological Patients allowed for the specialization in the care of these Patients.

During stress or Infection the Immune function of neuroendocrine system. Its regulation is important for Immune responses in Inflammatory diseases for which the Glucocorticoids act as main effector. Neuroendricrine Immunology shows high impact on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis hence neuroendocrine factors are hypothesized to play an important role both in RA and OA etiology.

The Radio Immunotherapy treats the Immune system in Injury and repair during wide range of neurological disorders, Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous system such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis Optical (NMO). There were numerous Radiological studies to improve Diagnosis and treatment of Multiple Sclerosis and other diseases. The main focus is to develop the so-called Neuroprotective (nerve cell protecting) treatment approaching and establishing Modern examination procedures such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) and Motion Analysis.

There is a rapid advancement of Neuroimaging Methodology and availability which involved in emergence of Interventional Radiology (IR), a minimal Invasive Treatment Technique. Using the Radiological image guidance from Imaging Techniques like X-ray Fluoroscopy, Ultrasound, Computed Tomography [CT] or Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI], IR includes a range of treatments to achieve Precisely Target Therapy. These treatments are the alternatives to Invasive open and Laparoscopic (keyhole) Surgeries. IR procedures involve passing a needle through the skin to the target the particular site; it is sometimes called Pinhole surgery!

Interventional Radiology has a number of benefits for patients. The Imaging techniques allow accurate Diagnosis and Treatment using Cutting-Edge equipment. Patients who undergo IR procedures experience less pain during and after the procedure than Patients undergoing surgical Procedures.