Neuroradiology plays an Integral role in the Diagnosis and characterization of various Neurological disorders. It involves different types of Imaging Studies including Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Plain Radiography and Ultrasound are used in limited basis in particular in Pediatric Population.

Neuroimaging is the mapping of human brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Neuroimaging determines the association between Environmental factors and health influence on Brain ageing throughout the adult lifespan. It determines how difference and change in Cerebral structure, complexly relates to Behavior and Cognition at Multiple levels of Analysis

It brings together various topics of interests such as Functional Neuroimaging, Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuropsychology and Computational Modeling.

Clinical research has focused on Autoimmune Disease (AID) for a couple of Decades. More sensitive and specific methods have been developed for treating Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neuroimmunological Research. Gamma fraction bands (bands separated by Electrophoresis and visualized by Amino Black Staining) and IgG Fraction bands (Bands separated by Iso-Electric focusing and visualized by Immunostaining) are used instead of Oligoclonal Bands.

Cognitive Neuroscience is the scientific branch of Neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the Neural Mechanisms of various Biological processes and aspects that underlie Cognition, with a specific focus on the Neural Connections in the Brain.  It studies how Cognitive activities are controlled by Neural Circuits in the Brain. Cognitive Neuroscience relies upon theories in Cognitive Science coupled with Evidence from Neuropsychology, and Computational modeling. Brain Mapping is a set of Neuroscience techniques, its purpose and goal is to understand the relationship between Structure and Function in the Human Brain.

The use of Neuroimaging technology to diagnose the aspects of Brain functions by understanding the changes in Structure and Functioning of certain Brain areas and Specific Mental Functions.

The Imaging methods include Positron Emission Tomography(PET), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI), Multichannel Electroencephalography(EEG) or Magneto Encephalography(MEG), and Near Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging(NIRSI), Trans Cranial Magnetic Stimulation(TMS). Related Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques(DWI), Including Diffusion Tensor Imaging(DTI) and High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging(HARDI).

Neurological conditions have serious consequences, not only for the Patient but also for the Family members. It is important that the nursing care should be provides to these, the advancement of education for Health care Personnel who care for Neurological Patients allowed for the specialization in the care of these Patients.

Nanotechnology involves working with nanostructured materials which are of 1 billionth of a meter that replicate the neurobiological systems in the human Nervous system.

Neurons are Nano-scale sensitive and complex cells which involve challenging functioning which is difficult to be known. Here involved the nanotechnology, which may benefit from research of Nano scale analysis of chemical and electrical challenges in the human brain. However these Nano materials which react with the lipids, proteins in the body leads to Nanotoxicology. By following the protocols and methods these toxicities can be avoided helping to study the future challenges in Nano-Neuroscience with the ultimate aim of curing several diseases associated with nervous system.

Neurotechnology is any Technology that allows the neurologists to visualize the brain in various aspects of consciousness to understand the brain function and to improve, repair it.

Recent innovations in neuroscience helped in recording, monitoring decoding and modulating the neural correlates of mental processes with accuracy and resolution thus creating the pathway for better understanding of human behavior.

Sports neurology deals with diagnosing and management of neurological disorders and neurological injuries as a result of participation in athletic activities.

The injuries caused may damage some nerves of nervous system thus leading to change in normal function of brain; hence these must be treated soon by using Sports Medicine.

Psychoanalysis is the therapy involving the analysis and understanding of Psychological problems and treating them with the knowledge from theories proposed by Sigmund Freud.

Psychoanalytic Psychologists believe that Psychological problems are rooted in the unconscious mind of the patient and if the unconscious is made conscious then the patient himself can deal with it.

Neurolaw is the analysis of the relationship between Human rights and Neuroscience; it involves the fulfillment of the following Neurorights

• The right to cognitive liberty
• The right to mental privacy
• The right to mental integrity
• The right to psychological continuity.

Cognitive Neuroscience studies how human brain comprising of complex neuronal architectures, communicates and operates the processes that underlie cognition.

Whereas cognitive Psychology involves the study of experimental methods along with artificial intelligence to know the cognitive behavior of human brain like attention, creative thinking, problem solving etc.,

Neuroradiology has an important role to play in Diagnosis and Treatment of Several Neurological disorders like Ischemic Stroke and the Structural lesions causing Cerebral Hemorrhage. The recent advances are emerging more rapidly in the research fields of Neuroradiology includes the development of MR Tractography of the Brain and Spinal cord and functional MR imaging (fMRI)

The ongoing trend in Neuroradiology, using the Standard 3 Tesla high field MR systems gives the images of the Brain and Spinal cord which have significantly improved Signal to Noise ratio. The images produced by Three Tesla MR systems have significantly better Contrast Resolution when compared to 1.5 Tesla high fields MR systems. The trend also moved to higher field 7 Tesla systems giving safety concerns over the higher Specific Absorption Ratio (SAR) and higher and Faster Changing Gradient Strengths.

There is a noticeable transformation in Neuroscience Research due to the rapid advancement of Neuroimaging methodology and availability. The areas of development include functional MRI (fMRI), Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Electroencephalography (EEG), Magneto Encephalography (MEG), Optical Imaging, and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). It also includes the important regions like Machine learning, Computational models and Multi-modal imaging.

Radiation Toxicity is caused due to Software Malfunction in Radiotherapy machine or from excessive exposure to Ionizing Radiation. It causes Acute Radiation Sickness and Radiation dermatitis. It can be prevented by using the right test and the right dose of Radiation to achieve the desired Diagnostic objective.

Some Preventive Trials include

  • Washing Practice

 • Topical Corticosteroid Agents

 • Nonsteroidal Topical Creams

 • Avoiding unnecessary exposure to radiation.

 • Persons working in Radiation Hazard areas should wear badges to measure their exposure level.

 • Protective shields should always be placed over the parts of the body not being treated or studied during x-ray imaging tests or Radiation Therapy.

The Radio Immunotherapy treats the Immune system in Injury and repair during wide range of neurological disorders, Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous system such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis Optical (NMO). There were numerous Radiological studies to improve Diagnosis and treatment of Multiple Sclerosis and other diseases. The main focus is to develop the so-called Neuroprotective (nerve cell protecting) treatment approaching and establishing Modern examination procedures such as MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) and Motion Analysis.

During stress or Infection the Immune function of neuroendocrine system. Its regulation is important for Immune responses in Inflammatory diseases for which the Glucocorticoids act as main effector. Neuroendricrine Immunology shows high impact on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis hence neuroendocrine factors are hypothesized to play an important role both in RA and OA etiology.